Y de cómo el corazón se convirtió en el centro de la vida y de la espiritualidad (y de los otros órganos con los que tuvo que competir a lo largo de la historia por este sitial) / How the heart became the center of life and spirituality of man (and the other organs with which it had to compete along history for this seat)

Si bien pudiera parecer que desde siempre el corazón fue el centro de la vida y de la espiritualidad del hombre, esto no es exactamente así. A lo largo de la historia, debió competir con otros órganos por esta posición. Su primer competidor fue el hígado, especialmente en Babilonia. Para los babilonios, el hígado, una masa grande, inmóvil en la cavidad abdominal, era el órgano ideal para que los dioses hicieran saber el futuro. Sin embargo, los egipcios eligieron al corazón como el órgano central de la vida y asiento del alma y le atribuyeron toda clase de facultades. En Israel, es el pulmón donde radica la vida. La característica de este no son las palpitaciones, sino la respiración. Dios crea a Adán soplándole Su aliento en la nariz. Pero el competidor más serio fue el cerebro. Los filósofos y médicos griegos van a discrepar, dando origen a una larga controversia. La discusión se termina con Aristóteles, quien afirma que, al igual que el mundo tiene un punto central, también el hombre lo tiene, y este es el corazón. Y así es hasta cinco siglos más tarde, en que Galeno vuelve a sostener que la vida mental y espiritual del hombre se asienta en el cerebro. Sin embargo, hasta hoy, hombres y mujeres siguen sintiendo que su espíritu habita en el corazón y que el centro de la vida es el corazón, puesto que el corazón simboliza lo más propio del hombre, el amor.

Though it could seem that the heart has always been the center of life and spirituality of man, this is not exactly so. Along history the heart had to compete with other organs for this position. Its first competitor was the liver, specially in Babylonia. For the Babylonians, the liver, a big, immobile mass in the abdominal cavity, was the ideal organ for the gods to make the future known. On the other hand, the Egyptians chose the heart as the central organ of life and seat of the soul, and attributed to it all kinds of faculties. In Israel the lung was the site where life took root. The distinctive features of life were not the throbs but the breathing. God created Adam blowing His breath into Adam’s nose. But, the most serious competitor was the brain. The Greek philosophers and physicians had different opinions, giving origin to a long controversy. The discussion was settled by Aristotle, who stated that as the world has a central point, man also has one, and this is the heart. This remained so for five centuries until Galen declared that the brain is the seat of mental and spiritual life of man. However men and women up to today continue feeling that their spirit inhabits in the heart and that the center of their life is the heart, since it symbolizes love, an inherent faculty of man.

Canulación de arteria axilar para circulación extracorpórea / Cannulation of axillary artery for extracorporeal circulation

Background: When the ascending aorta and the femoral artery cannot be used for extracorporeal circulation, an emerging alternative is the use of axillary artery. Aim: To report the experience using the axillary artery for extracorporeal circulation. Patients and methods: Between November 1998 and May 2002, 22 patients (14 male) were operated with extracorporeal circulation, cannulating the axillary artery. Briefly, an incision is made below the middle third of the clavicle and a cut is made on major pectoris muscle. Minor pectoris muscle is retracted and axillary artery is exposed. It is cannulated directly or with the aid of a prosthesis. Results: Right axillary artery was used in 21 patients and in 20 it was cannulated with the aid of a prosthesis. Mean flow was 4.5 + 0.6 l/min. The most common indications were aortic dissection or aneurysms. The most common procedures done, were ascending aorta replacement in 8 cases and replacement of ascending aorta and aortic arch in 5. Thirty five percent of operations were emergencies and 32 percent were reoperations. In 15 patients (68 percent), a circulatory arrest was done. Of these, retrograde brain perfusion was used in 9, antegrade brain perfusion through the same axillary artery was used in 2 and mixed perfusion was used in 2. One patient had a complication related to the axillary cannulation. None had cerebrovascular accidents or thromboembolic complications. Two patients died in the postoperative period. Patients were followed up to 42 months after the procedure and no secondary complications of the cannulation were detected. Conclusions: When the ascending aorta and the femoral artery cannot be used, axillary artery is a good alternative for extracorporeal circulation

Transección traumática aguda de la aorta torácica: tratamiento endovascular / Endovascular treatment of acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: report of 1 case

Traumatic rupture of the aorta has a near 80 percent mortality. Most patients die on the site of the accident. Conventional surgical repair of these lesions has a high morbidity and mortality, generally associated to the severity of associated lesions. Over the last decade, endovascular treatment has become an effective therapeutic alternative. We report a 40 years old male, that suffered a traumatic rupture of the descending thoracic aorta in a car accident. A successful endovascular repair was performed, installing an endoprothesis on the site of the lesion, using a femoral artery approach. The patient had a good postoperative evolution and was discharged from the hospital once complete rehabilitation of his associated lesions was obtained

Operación de Fontan: resultados inmediatos y a mediano plazo con anastomosis cavopulmonar total / Fontan procedure: early and mid-term results wiht total cavopulmonary anastomosis

Background: During the last five years, 65 patients with univentricular heart have been treated surgically in our institution, according to a protocol of staged operations that have been previously reported. Aim: To evaluate the early and mid-term outcome of those patients that have completed their staging protocol by means of a Fontan procedure. Patients and Methods: Between April 1996 and June 2001, 23 patients (age 16 to 223 months) underwent a Fontan procedure, 15 with an intracardiac lateral tunnel technique and 8 with an extracardiac conduit. A retrospective review of their clinical, surgical, echocardiographic, angiographic and hemodynamic data was performed, trying to identify risk factors for both mortality and functional capacity (FC). Follow up was complete in all survivors. Results: Three patients died early after surgery (13.04 percent). Excessive pulmonary blood flow was a risk factor for early death (p= 0.03). One patient died at 14 months. Follow up was 29.9 months (1-63). For those who survived the operation, five years survival was 93.3 percent. The majority of patients are in FC I or II, with no related risk factors. Conclusions: Our current results are comparable with those of larger series. Patients reach good FC and mid-term survival, irrespective of type of single ventricle or the surgical strategy

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la coartación aótica en recién nacidos y lactantes menores de tres meses / Surgical treatment of the aortic coarctaction in newborn and infants under 3 months old

Antecendentes: La cirugía es el tratamiento de elección de la coartación aórtica. Sus resultados deben evaluarse no sólo en base de morbimortalidad operatoria si no también en relación a la incidencia de coartación residual y recoartación, hecho que es más frecuente en recién nacidos. Actualmente, dado el interés progresivo en la angioplastia primaria como tratamiento de esta patología se hace necesario conocer los resultados actuales del tratamiento quirúrgico. Objetivo: Analizar y reportar nuestra experiencia en el subgrupo de pacientes de mayor riesgo. Método: Se analizaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes de hasta 3 meses de edad (menores de 120 días) sometidos a cirugía de coartación aórtica en nuestra institución, entre enero de 1989 y agosto de 1999. Se efectuó un análisis descriptivo de las características generales y de la técnica quirúrgica, así como de los resultados inmediatos y alejados. Resultados: Cincuenta y nueve pacientes fueron sometidos a reparación quirúrgica de la coartación aótica. La edad fue de 35ñ33 días, correspondiendo un 57 por ciento a recién nacidos. Treinta y seis pacientes (61 por ciento) eran del sexo masculino. El peso fue de 3.650ñ1.057 g. La coartación aótica se presentó en forma aislada en 28 pacientes (47,5 por ciento), asociada a CIV en 7 (11,9 por ciento) y a otra patología intracardíaca en 24 (40,7 por ciento). Treinta y seis pacientes (61 por ciento) presentaron unarco aórtico normal, 17 hipoplasia del istmo (28,8 por ciento) y 6 hipoplasia del arco transverso (10 por ciento). La principal indicación de cirugía fue insuficiencia cardíaca. Al momento de la cirugía 17 pacientes (31,5 por ciento) se encontraban en ventilación mecánica y 20 (37 por ciento) habían recibido de protaglandinas. La técnica quirúrgica fue: anastomosis término-terminal en 31 (52,5 por ciento); anastomosis término-terminal extendida en 24 (40,7 por ciento) y colgajo subclavio en 4 (6,7 por ciento). El tiempo de clampeo aórtico fue de tomosis fue de 18,4ñ6,2 minutos. En siete pacientes (11.9 por ciento) se efectuó cirugía cardíaca adicional. Cuatro pacientes (6,7 por ciento) presentaron coartación aórtica residual la cual motivó cirugía en un caso (1,7 por ciento) y angioplastia en otro. Ningún paciente presentó paraplejia. La mortalidad quirúrgica a 30 días fue de 3,4 por ciento (2 casos). Siete pacientes (11,8 por ciento) fallecieron durante el seguimiento, obteniéndose una sobrevida actuarial a 5 años de 83,9 por ciento

Experiencia de 36 años con marcapasos implantables: un análisis histórico / A 36 year experience with implantable pacemakers

Background: The implantation of pacemakers improves cardiac function and quality of life, in particular with dual chamber DDD and DDDR modes. Aim: To evaluate our clinical experience and results on pacemaker implantation, from 1963 to 1998. Material and methods: Computerized data collected from 2,445 consecutive paced patients was reviewed. A total of 3,554 operative procedures were performed, including 412 procedures for complications and 697 pacemaker replacement. Patient survival was determined from clinical records, inquiry to pacemaker manufacturers and death certificates from Servicio de Registro Civil e Identificaci-n de Chile (Chilean Civil and Identification Registry). Results: Use of dual chamber (DDD and DDDR) pacemakers increased progressively up to 74 percent from 1988 to 1998. Complication rate was 42 percent in the 1963-1976 study period, it decreased to 10.6 percent in the 1977-1987 study period, and to 5.6 percent by 1988-1998. Only two patients died during surgery in the study period (0.08 percent). In the 1977-1987 period, pacemakers lasted 10.6 years. Survival rates were 52 percent at ten years, 33 percent at 15 years, and 21 percent at 20 years, with a median survival of 11.7 years, and 7.24 years in patients over 80 years old. Conclusions: Transvenous permanent pacing can be accomplished today with a low complication rate, mainly due to better technology and surgical procedures

Cirugía de la insuficiencia mitral isquémica / Surgery for ischemic mitral regurgitation

Background. Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a severe condition which may be best treated by surgery, nowithstanding a relatively high mortality rate. Objectives. To evaluate the results of mitral valve replacement or repair in patients with IMR. Patients and methods. Retrospective review of the clinical records in 29 patients with IMR who were surgically treated from 1990 to 1999. They represent 8 percent of surgical procedures on the mitral valve. Results. Mean age was 67 ñ 9 years. Surgery was performed urgently in 19 patients (66,5 percent). NYHA functional class was 3.4 ñ 0.8. The mechanism of IMR was annular dilatation and spreading of papillary muscles in 18 patients, papillary muscle rupture in 9 and fibrosis in 2. Mitral valve replacement was performed in 14 patients and mitral valve repair in 15. Twenty four patients (83 percent) had concomitant myocardial revascularization. Overall surgical mortality was 24 percent; 26 percent for mitral replacement and 13 percent for mitral valve repair (p=0.215). On follow up of 26ñ33 months, one year survival was 76ñ0.8 percent and 5 years survival was 59ñ12 percent. Excluding in hospital mortality, survival was 100 percent at one year and 78ñ14 percent at 5 years. Functional class improved in all survivors, to 1.4ñ0.5. Late echocardiographic evaluation of patients with mitral valve repair showed absence of mitral regurgitation in 58 percent, 1+ MR in 17 percent and 2+ MR in 25 percent. Conclusion. In spite of a high perioperative mortality, surgery for IMR is a valuable procedure for patients with an otherwise highly lethal disease

Fibroelastoma papilar múltiple de válvula aórtica complicado de accidente vascular encefálico embólico: caso clínico / Aortic valve multiple papillary fibroelastoma complicated with a cerebrovascular accident: report of case

The echocardiographic identification of cardiac tumors as cause of embolic episodes is infrequent, and the finding of multiple papillary fibroelastoma is even less common. We report a 70 years old female with a history of a rheumatic mitral valve lesion, subjected to a commissurotomy in 1970. She was admitted with a cerebrovascular accident and the transesophageal echocardiogram revealed the presence of a multiple papillary fibroelastoma in the aortic valve. The patient was operated and the tumor excised, the pathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis. The patient was discharged in good conditions and after 8 months of follow up, she has no neurological abnormality and is in functional class I

Infección de prótesis de aorta ascendente: tratamiento con aseo quirúrgico, preservación de prótesis y transposición de colgajo muscular en dos casos / Infection of ascending aortic graft: treatment with surgical cleaning, graft preservation and transposition of muscle flaps, report of 2 cases

Mediastinitis with graft infection is a serious complication of ascending aorta replacement. We report two cases of graft infection, treated with surgical cleaning, graft preservation and transposition of muscle flaps. A 62 years old male was admitted 34 days after an ascending aortic grafting due to a sternal dehiscence and mediastinitis. Antimicrobial treatment was started and a surgical cleaning performed, leaving an open sternotomy. Three days later, the thoracic cavity was closed with a rectus abdominis muscle flap. After 23 months of follow up, the patient is well and without evidence of infection. A 74 years old male was subjected to an aortic valve and ascending aorta replacement and a myocardial revascularization. In the postoperative period, the patient developed septic signs, and a purulent drainage. A CAT scan showed a liquid collection surrounding the aortic graft. On tW Sixteenth postoperative day, a surgical cleaning was performed and the thorax was closed with the pectoralis major muscle. After 10 months of follow up, the patient is in Good condition and without evidence of infection

Del camino recorrido por la cirugía para tratar la enfermedad coronaria: trabajo dedicado como homenaje póstumo al Dr. René Favorolo / A short history of coronary surgery: apropos of Dr. Favaloroïs death

The first surgical procedure for the treatment of coronary artery disease, in 1933, was total thyroidectomy. Some years later, procedures to increase heart irrigation such as pectoral or great epiplon grafting and cardiopeumopexy were attempted. In 1940, the ligation of great cardiac vein or coronary sinus were introduced. Five years later, pericoronary neurectomy was used. In 1945, Beck used an arteriovenous fistula between the descending aorta and the coronary sinus and, from 1954, he used the erosion of heart surface with asbestos application, complemented with the occlusion of the coronary sinus and the application of parietal pericardium. In 1958, Glover introduced the bilateral ligation of mammary arteries and Vineberg, developed the internal mammary artery implant, that consisted in the tunneling of the free portion of such artery in the myocardium. En 1956, Lillehei and Bailey introduced coronary endarterectomy and finally in 1967, Favaloro introduced systematically the aortocoronary bypass using safenous vein, that became the definitive surgical treatment for coronary artery disease. In Chile the first coronary surgery was done by Torwall and Uribe in 1950 and modern coronary surgery was initiated by Salvestrini in1970

Tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada mediante trasplante de corazón / Heart transplantation as a treatment for advanced heart failure

Background: Heart transplantation currently provides the most effective treatment for advanced heart failure. However, medical therapy for this condition has also improved, heart donors are scarce and the cost of the procedure is high. Therefore the indications and management of these patients need reevaluation. Aim: To analyze the results of 24 patients submitted to heart transplantation for end-stage heart failure needing repeated hospitalizations and i.v. inotropes for compensation. Patients and methods: The group was comprised by 21 men and 3 women with a mean age of 36.8 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 19ñ4.5 percent, mean systolic pulmonary artery pressure 48ñ13 mmHg (24-70) and mean pulmonary vascular resistance 2.6 Wood Units (1-5). Fourteen patients (58 percent) had a previous median sternotomy. Immunosupression did not include induction therapy and steroids were discontinued early...

Y de cómo se llegó finalmente a la cirugía a corazón abierto: un relato en 2 partes de pioneros, héroes y conquistadores del siglo pasado: parte II / How open heart surgery became a reality: a tale of pioneers, heroes and conquerors of the last century: part II

En la primera parte de este relato se dio cuenta de cómo los cirujanos, con perseverancia e imaginación, logran diseñar procedimientos quirúrgicos correctores para patologías extracardíacas y procedimientos paliativos para patologías intracardíacas, estableciendo la cirugía cardiovascular como una especialidad propiamente tal. En esta segunda parte revisaremos primero la etapa de la cirugía cardíarca cerrada, en especial la cirugía de la esteneosis mitral, destacando siempre la circunstancias que rodearon a estos cirujanos y las adversidades que debieron afrontar, para llegar finalmente a la cirugía de corazón abierto con circulación extracorpórea, como la conocemos en la actualidad, para lo que previamente fue necesario pasar por la cirugía cardíaca con hipotermia y luego con circulación cruzada controlada, en la que un "donante" humano sano, habitualmente el padre o la madre de un niño, servía como oxigenador

Rechazo humoral en transplante cardíaco: comunicación de dos casos / Humoral rejection in heart transplantation: report of 2 cases

Heart transplantation is a therapeutic alternative for selected patients with refractory heart failure. Acute allograft rejection is one of the main causes of early death after transplantation. The cellular rejection is characterized by cellular infiltrates with or without miocyte necrosis. However, some patients develop left ventricular dysfunction due to rejection without evidence of cellular infiltration. In these patients, the rejection is mediated by antibodies and complement. Humoral rejection is a relative rare but potentially fatal form of acute allograft rejection. We report two patients with left ventricular dysfunction secondary to humoral rejection, shortly after cardiac transplantation. Both patients were treated with methylprednisolone, and azathioprine was substituted by cyclophosphamide. One patient underwent plasmapheresis. The clinical outcome was satisfactory and the left ventricular function returned to normal in both cases. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the management of humoral rejection are reviewed

Y de cómo se llegó finalmente a la cirugía a corazón abierto: un relato de pioneros, héroes y conquistadores del siglo pasada: parte I / About the arrival of open heart surgery: a pionners, heroes and conquerors of last century report: part I

La cirugía a corazón abierto, como la conocemos en la actualidad, es un logro del siglo recién pasado. Hasta fines del siglo XIX el corazón era considerado un órgano inasequible y prohibitivo a la cirugía, hasta que en 1896 Ludwing Rehn sutura por primera vez, con éxito, una herida de corazón. En los primeros años del siglo XX la cirugía se limita, con éxito relativo, al tratamiento de las heridas de corazón y luego de las afecciones pericárdicas, hasta que en 1938 Robert Gross liga con éxito un ductus arterioso persistente, operación que se convierte en la chispa que enciende la explosión de la cirugía cardiovascular, a partir de la cual rápidamente se avanza hasta conseguir un tratamiento quirúrgico corrector de la coartación aórtica, para luego desarrollar procedimientos paliativos extracardíacos para malformaciones intracardíacas, como la estenosis pulmonar

Contribución del neuropéptido Y a la fisiología de la co-transmisión simpática humana: estudios en biopsias de vena safena / Neuropeptide Y contribution to the physiology of human sympathetic cotransmission: studies in saphenous vein biopsies

Background: It is known that the sympathetic varicosities co-store and co-release norepinephrine (NE) together with adenosine S-triphosphate (ATP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Aim: To describe the chemical characterisation of stored and released NPY from the varicosities of sympathetic nerve terminals surrounding segments of the human saphenous vein, and the vasomotor activity of rings electrically depolarized or contracted by the exogenous application of the co-transmitters. Material and methods: Saphenous vein tissues were obtained from patients undergoing elective cardiac revascularization surgery. Results: The chromatographic profile of NPY extracted from biopsies is identical to a chemical standard of human NPY. Upon electrical depolarisation of the perivascular sympathetic nerve terminals, we demonstrated the release of NPY to the superfusion media, which did not exceed a 1percent of its stored content. The release of the peptide is sensitive to guanethidine, and to extracellular calcium, suggesting that the mechanism of its release is exocytotic in nature. The electrically evoked release of NPY is dependent on the frequency and duration of the electrical pulses. Phenoxybenzamine reduces the electrically evoked release of NPY. Exogenous application of NE and ATP contract saphenous vein rings; the simultaneous application of NE plus ATP causes a synergic response, effect which is further potentiated by the joint co-application of 10 nM NPY. Conclusions: Present results highlight the role of NPY as a sympathetic co-transmitter in the regulation of human vascular tone

La importancia de la reprogramación en la vida útil y costo de implante de los marcapasos bicamerales / The importance of adjusting parameters for the duration and cost of dual chamber pacemakers

Antecedentes: realizamos un estudio prospectivo de 236 pacientes sometidos a implante de marcapaso DDD bicameral. Los parámetros nominales de implante permiten márgenes de seguridad de estimulación más que suficientes. Las mejoras en la tecnología de marcapasos y electrodos han permitido reducir los umbrales de captura y, por lo tanto, la programación de los parámetros de salida. Dichos cambios pueden significar una reducción en el consumo de la batería a largo plazo, produciendo una mayor durabilidad del generador. Métodos y resultados: se estudió 236 pacientes consecutivos implantados con marcapasos Pacesetter DDD para determinar el impacto de la reprogramación en la durabilidad y costo del implante del marcapaso. Se excluyó a 36 pacientes, 19 murieron, 13 no tuvieron suficientes controles y 4 fueron reprogramados a modo VVI. Los 200 pacientes restantes completaron al menos 18 meses de seguimiento y se les implantó generadores capaces de medir umbrales de estimulación crónico, ancho de pulso, impedancia y energía de la batería. Comparamos la durabilidad estimada basada en la energía de la batería bajo parámetros de implante nominales, con aquella basada en los parámetros obtenidos tras la reprogramación durante el seguimiento. La estimación de durabilidad fue de 6,89 años bajo parámetros nominales y de 10,5 años bajo parámetros de programación final (p<0,001). Conclusiones: la reprogramación podría aumentar la durabilidad y reducir el costo de implante de los marcapasos. En nuestro estudio la reprogramación aumentó la durabilidad del marcapaso en 3,6 años y ocasionó una reducción promedio en sus costos de 330 dólares por año